Magnesium gluconate
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Identification
- Summary
Magnesium gluconate is a mineral supplement used to treat or prevent hypomagnesemia.
- Generic Name
- Magnesium gluconate
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB13749
- Background
Magnesium gluconate is a magnesium salt of gluconate. It demonstrates the highest oral bioavailability of magnesium salts 14 and is used as a mineral supplement. Magnesium is ubiquitous in the human body, and is naturally present in many foods, added to other food products, available as a dietary supplement and used as an ingredient in some medicines (such as antacids and laxatives) 9.
Although magnesium is available in the form of sulphates, lactate, hydroxide, oxide and chloride, only magnesium gluconate is recommended for magnesium supplementation as it appears to be better absorbed and causes less diarrha 6.
This drug has been studied in the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension, and has displayed promising results 1. In addition, it has been studied for its effects on premature uterine contractions 2.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 450.629
Monoisotopic: 450.10712646 - Chemical Formula
- C12H26MgO16
- Synonyms
- Magnesium (as gluconate)
- Magnesium D-gluconate (1:2) dihydrate
- Magnesium D-gluconate (1:2) hydrate
- Magnesium gluconate
- Magnesium gluconate,dihydrate
- Magnesium gluconicum
Pharmacology
- Indication
Magnesium gluconate is a mineral supplement which is used to prevent and treat low levels of magnesium. Magnesium is very important for the normal physiologic functioning of cells, nerves, muscles, bones, and the heart. Generally, a well-balanced diet provides the necessary amounts of magnesium for homeostasis. However, certain conditions causing chronic magnesium deficiency may decrease levels of magnesium. These conditions include treatment with diuretics, a poor diet, alcoholism, or other medical conditions (e.g., severe diarrhea/vomiting, stomach/intestinal absorption problems, poorly controlled diabetes) 8.
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- Pharmacodynamics
Magnesium is a cofactor in over 300 enzyme systems that regulate a variety of biochemical reactions in the body, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Magnesium is necessary for energy production, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis 9.
- Mechanism of action
Replaces deficient circulating levels of magnesium 10.
By competing with calcium for membrane binding sites and by stimulating calcium sequestration by sarcoplasmic reticulum, magnesium helps in the maintenance of a low resting intracellular free calcium ion concentration, which is essential in various cellular functions. The electrical properties of membranes and their permeability characteristics are also affected by magnesium 6.
Magnesium is essential to many enzymatic reactions in the body, serving as a cofactor in protein synthesis and in carbohydrate metabolism 12.
Magnesium contributes to the structural development of bone and is also essential in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and the antioxidant glutathione. Magnesium also plays an important role in the active transport of calcium and potassium ions across cell membranes, a process which is important to nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and normal heart rhythm 9.
In addition to the above, magnesium is an essential mineral required for the regulation of body temperature, nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and in preserving nerve and muscle cell electrical potentials. Magnesium supplementation during pregnancy may help to reduce fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia, as well to increase birth weight 4.
- Absorption
A high-fat diet may decrease the amount of magnesium absorbed in the diet. Over-cooking food also may decrease the amount of magnesium absorbed from dietary sources 10.
About 1/3 of magnesium is absorbed from the small intestine. The fraction of magnesium absorbed is inversely proportional to amount ingested 12.
Oral absorption is estimated to be 15% to 30% 11.
- Volume of distribution
About 60% of the magnesium is present in bone, of which 30% is exchangeable and functions as a reservoir to stabilize the serum concentration. About 20% is found in skeletal muscle, 19% in other soft tissues and less than 1% in the extracellular fluid. Skeletal muscle and liver contain between 7–9 mmol/Kg wet tissue; between 20–30% of this is readily exchangeable. In healthy adults, the total serum magnesium is in the range of 0.70 and 1.10 mmol/L. Approximately 20% of this is protein bound, 65% is ionized and the rest is combined with various anions such as phosphate and citrate 6.
- Protein binding
Approximately 25-30% 12.
Of the protein bound fraction, 60–70% is associated with albumin and the rest is bound to other globulins 6.
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Oral: Via urine (absorbed fraction); feces (unabsorbed fraction) 12.
Phosphate depletion is associated with a significant increase in urinary magnesium excretion and may lead to hypomagnesemia. Hypercalcemia is associated with an increased urinary excretion of magnesium. The increase in magnesium excretion in hypercalcemia is greater than the increase in calcium excretion and is due to decreased reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Hypercalcaemia leads to a reduction in isotonic reabsorption in the proximal renal tubule causing greater delivery of sodium, water, calcium and magnesium to the loop of Henle. As a result of this increased flow to thick ascending loop of henle, calcium and magnesium transport may be inhibited. In addition, the high peritubular concentration of calcium directly inhibits the transport of both ions in this segment 6.
Osmotic diuretics such as mannitol and glucose cause a marked increase in magnesium excretion. Loop diuretics induce hypermagnesuria, and the increase in magnesium excretion is greater than that of sodium or calcium suggesting that loop diuretics may directly inhibit magnesium transport 6.
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
The kidney plays a major role in magnesium homeostasis and the maintenance of plasma magnesium concentration. Under normal circumstances, when 80% of the total plasma magnesium is ultrafiltrable, 84 mmol of magnesium is filtered daily and 95% of this amount it reabsorbed leaving about 3–5 mmol to be excreted in the urine 6.
- Adverse Effects
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- Toxicity
Oral LD50 is 9100 mg/kg in the rat.15
Excess magnesium from dietary sources does not pose a health risk in healthy individuals because the kidneys eliminate excess amounts of magnesium in the urine. On the other hand, high doses of magnesium from dietary supplements or medications often result in diarrhea that can be combined with nausea and abdominal cramping. Forms of magnesium most commonly reported to cause diarrhea include magnesium carbonate, chloride, gluconate, and oxide. Diarrheal and laxative effects of magnesium salts are due to the osmotic activity of unabsorbed salts in the intestine and colon and the stimulation of gastric motility 12.
Hypermagnesaemia after oral ingestion is uncommon except in patients with renal impairment. Signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia may include respiratory depression, loss of deep tendon reflexes due to neuromuscular blockade, nausea, vomiting, flushing, hypotension, drowsiness, bradycardia and muscle weakness.
Very high doses of magnesium-containing laxatives and antacids (normally providing more than 5,000 mg/day magnesium) have been associated with the occurrence of magnesium toxicity, including fatal hypermagnesemia in a 28-month-old boy as well as an elderly man. Symptoms of magnesium toxicity, normally presenting at concentrations of 1.74–2.61 mmol/L, may include hypotension, nausea, vomiting, facial flushing, retention of urine, ileus, depression, and lethargy before progressing to muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, extreme hypotension, irregular heartbeat, and cardiac arrest. The risk of magnesium toxicity increases with compromised renal function or kidney failure because the ability to remove excess magnesium is reduced or lost 9.
Treatment: In patients with normal renal function, IV fluids or furosemide may be administered to promote the excretion of magnesium. In patients with symptomatic hypermagnesaemia, slow IV injection of calcium gluconate can be administered to antagonize the cardiac and neuromuscular effects of magnesium 12.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAlendronic acid Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Alendronic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. Alfacalcidol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Alfacalcidol. Amiodarone The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Amiodarone. Amlodipine The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Amlodipine. Atracurium The therapeutic efficacy of Atracurium can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Magnesium Liq 114mg/15ml Liquid 114 mg / 15 mL Oral Inno Vite Incorporated 1989-12-31 2007-07-31 Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Formula 9 Tab Magnesium gluconate (50 mg / tab) + Calcium gluconate (100 mg / tab) + Inositol (100 mg / tab) + Nicotinamide (35 mg / tab) + Pantothenic acid (70 mg / tab) Tablet Oral Pure Life International Prods Inc. 1992-12-31 2001-08-07 Canada K-med Magnesium gluconate (341 mg) + Potassium chloride (600 mg) Tablet Oral Laboratoire Riva Inc 1988-12-31 2008-07-30 Canada Multi Vitamin-mineral Formula Magnesium gluconate (12.5 mg) + Ascorbic acid (50 mg / tab) + Calcium gluconate (35 mg / tab) + Choline bitartrate (125 mg) + Copper gluconate (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (5 mcg / tab) + Ferrous gluconate (7.5 mg) + Folic acid (0.025 mg / tab) + Inositol (62.5 mg) + Manganese gluconate (2.5 mg) + Niacin (17.5 mg / tab) + Calcium pantothenate (50 mg / tab) + Potassium Iodide (0.075 mg) + Riboflavin (0.6 mg / tab) + Thiamine hydrochloride (0.5 mg / tab) + Vitamin A (2500 unit / tab) + Vitamin D (100 unit / tab) + Zinc gluconate (12.5 mg) Tablet Oral Vita Health Products Inc 1997-04-03 1998-01-16 Canada Reebok Magnesium gluconate (50 mg / 710 mL) + Ascorbic acid (20 mg / 710 mL) + Calcium gluconate (125 mg / 710 mL) + Cyanocobalamin (2 mcg / 710 mL) + Folic acid (0.05 mg / 710 mL) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (1 mg / 710 mL) Liquid Oral Clearly Canadian Beverage Corporation 2003-05-15 2009-08-06 Canada Swiss One Timed Release Tab Magnesium gluconate (100 mg) + Ascorbic acid (250 mg) + Calcium carbonate (150 mg) + Choline bitartrate (50 mg) + Copper gluconate (2 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (200 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (18 mg) + Folic acid (400 mcg) + Inositol (10 mg) + Iodine (225 mcg) + Manganese gluconate (5 mg) + Niacin (50 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (50 mg) + Potassium gluconate (10 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg) + Riboflavin (50 mg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (50 mg) + Vitamin A (10000 unit) + Vitamin D (400 unit) + Vitamin E (100 unit) + Zinc gluconate (10 mg) Tablet, extended release Oral Swiss Herbal Remedies Ltd. 1980-12-31 1997-11-07 Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- A12CC03 — Magnesium gluconate
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic oxygen compounds
- Class
- Organooxygen compounds
- Sub Class
- Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
- Direct Parent
- Sugar acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives / Medium-chain fatty acids / Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives / Hydroxy fatty acids / Monosaccharides / Secondary alcohols / Carboxylic acid salts / Polyols / Carboxylic acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives show 6 more
- Substituents
- Alcohol / Aliphatic acyclic compound / Beta-hydroxy acid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid salt / Fatty acid / Fatty acyl / Gluconic_acid show 13 more
- Molecular Framework
- Not Available
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- T42NAD2KHC
- CAS number
- 59625-89-7
- InChI Key
- HJWFTNWQKDPLAS-SYAJEJNSSA-L
- InChI
- InChI=1S/2C6H12O7.Mg.2H2O/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;;;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);;2*1H2/q;;+2;;/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;;;/m11.../s1
- IUPAC Name
- magnesium(2+) ion bis((2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate) dihydrate
- SMILES
- O.O.[Mg++].OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O
References
- General References
- Li S, Tian H: [Oral low-dose magnesium gluconate preventing pregnancy induced hypertension]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 1997 Oct;32(10):613-5. [Article]
- Martin RW, Perry KG Jr, Martin JN Jr, Seago DP, Roberts WE, Morrison JC: Oral magnesium for tocolysis: a comparison of magnesium gluconate and enteric-coated magnesium chloride. J Miss State Med Assoc. 1998 May;39(5):180-2. [Article]
- Grober U, Schmidt J, Kisters K: Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy. Nutrients. 2015 Sep 23;7(9):8199-226. doi: 10.3390/nu7095388. [Article]
- Makrides M, Crosby DD, Bain E, Crowther CA: Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 3;(4):CD000937. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000937.pub2. [Article]
- Coudray C, Rambeau M, Feillet-Coudray C, Gueux E, Tressol JC, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y: Study of magnesium bioavailability from ten organic and inorganic Mg salts in Mg-depleted rats using a stable isotope approach. Magnes Res. 2005 Dec;18(4):215-23. [Article]
- Swaminathan R: Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2):47-66. [Article]
- PubChem, Sodium Gluconate [Link]
- Magnesium Gluconate [Link]
- NIH document, Magnesium [Link]
- NIH Medlie, Magnesium Gluconate [Link]
- Mg products [Link]
- MIMS: Magnesium gluconate [Link]
- Mg Gluconate [Link]
- Study of magnesium bioavailability from ten organic and inorganic Mg salts in Mg-depleted rats using a stable isotope approach [Link]
- Fagron US: Magnesium gluconate dihydrate SDS [Link]
- Safety Data [File]
- External Links
- PubChem Compound
- 71587201
- PubChem Substance
- 347829314
- ChemSpider
- 28295928
- 52358
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL3989640
- Wikipedia
- Magnesium_gluconate
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Not Available Completed Treatment Alagille Syndrome / Biliary Atresia / Cholestasis 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral Solution Intravenous 1000 mg/10ml Liquid Oral 114 mg / 15 mL Capsule Oral Liquid Oral Tablet, extended release Oral - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source boiling point (°C) 673 http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1362501.html water solubility Soluble in cold water MSDS logP -3.175 http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1362501.html - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 43.2 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -2 ALOGPS logP -3.4 Chemaxon logS -0.98 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 3.39 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -3 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 7 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 5 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 141.28 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 10 Chemaxon Refractivity 49.11 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 16.62 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Not Available
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInducer
- General Function
- Ubiquitin protein ligase binding
- Specific Function
- Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with l...
- Gene Name
- CKB
- Uniprot ID
- P12277
- Uniprot Name
- Creatine kinase B-type
- Molecular Weight
- 42643.95 Da
References
- Swaminathan R: Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2):47-66. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInducer
- General Function
- Syntaxin binding
- Specific Function
- Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many key processes linked to cell growth and survival such as cytoskeleton remodeling in response to extracellular stimuli, cell motility a...
- Gene Name
- ABL1
- Uniprot ID
- P00519
- Uniprot Name
- Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1
- Molecular Weight
- 122871.435 Da
References
- Swaminathan R: Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2):47-66. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport comp...
- Gene Name
- ATP5D
- Uniprot ID
- P30049
- Uniprot Name
- ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 17489.755 Da
References
- Swaminathan R: Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2):47-66. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP in response to G-protein signaling. Mediates responses to increased cellular Ca(2+)/calmodulin levels (By similarity). May be involved in regu...
- Gene Name
- ADCY1
- Uniprot ID
- Q08828
- Uniprot Name
- Adenylate cyclase type 1
- Molecular Weight
- 123438.85 Da
References
- Swaminathan R: Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2):47-66. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Heme binding
- Specific Function
- Has guanylyl cyclase on binding to the beta-1 subunit.Isoform 2 acts as a negative regulator of guanylyl cyclase activity as it forms non-functional heterodimers with the beta subunits.
- Gene Name
- GUCY1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P33402
- Uniprot Name
- Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-2
- Molecular Weight
- 81749.185 Da
References
- Swaminathan R: Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2):47-66. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Identical protein binding
- Specific Function
- Synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
- Gene Name
- PFKFB1
- Uniprot ID
- P16118
- Uniprot Name
- 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 54680.86 Da
References
- Swaminathan R: Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2):47-66. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Steroid hormone binding
- Specific Function
- This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates th...
- Gene Name
- ATP1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P05023
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 112895.01 Da
References
- Swaminathan R: Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2):47-66. [Article]
Drug created at June 23, 2017 20:47 / Updated at March 27, 2024 05:12